Mosquito mat
Mosquito mat adalah sejenis racun serangga gred 4. Bahan aktifnya penothrin. Kepekatan paling tinggi di waktu pagi kerana lebihan sisa dari pembakaran di malam sebelumnya. Ia menjauhkan nyamuk kerana mempunyai bahan kimia. Ada berbagai jenis racun serangga sekarang iaitu jenis semburan, cecair, mat keping, mat gel, gel, kertas dan lingkaran.
Terdapat oil base dan water base. Dikhuatiri produk water base lebih senang resapannya ke dalam sistem darah manusia. Manusia boleh terdedah apabila menghisap nafas yang tercemar dengan aerosol atau titisan halus racun ini di dalam udara! Justeru penyemburan di atas aras kepala seperti dalam iklan televisen adalah amat tidak selamat kerana lebih banyak aerosol akan dinafas oleh manusia!
Anda perlu membasuh tangan jika aerosol terkena semburan. Jangan sembur pada mata, selaput mukosa dan kulit kerana ia boleh meresap melalui badan manusia!
Akibat pendedahan berterusan, anak kecil mungkin boleh mendapat lelah apabila dewasa (Delayed Hypersentivity reaction). Juga boleh mendapat selsema, sakit tekak dan batuk batuk.
Diperhatikan di kalangan serangga, d phenothrin sangat bertoksik… tetapi di kalangan manusia atau mamalia lain ia tidak menunjukkan kesan toksik secara serta merta. Jadi, apakah kesan toksik kepada manusia dan mamalia lain? Diperhatikan juga serangga seperti semut , lebah madu, labah labah, jengking, lipas, lipan tidak punyai sistem darah yang bawa oksijen ke serata bahagaian tubuh… Manusia bergantung pada system darah untuk bawa oksijen ke serata tubuh! Pada serangga, udara mengandungi d phenothrin terus dibawa ke sistem saraf mereka melalui rongga pernafasan bernama spirakel (kalau saya tak salah le… kalau salah tolong betulkan) Manusia pula tiada system rongga udara terbuka seperti serangga dan arachnide ne. kita ada system darah yang berasaskan 98% air!! D phenothrin tidka larut dalam air… tapi mungkin cukup sedia larut dalam lemak atau minyak.. Tidak mustahil ada d phenothrin disimpan dalam lemak badan anda dan apakah yang terjadi pada badan anda pada jangka panjang? Hanya pakar Biochemistry dan Chemical Pathologist yang boleh menjawabnya… Sudah tentu kesan buruk dan kesan sampingan jangka panjang d phenothrin tidak diperkatakan oleh syarikat pembuat/pengilang atau pengeluar kerana mereka bermatlamatkan wang. Lagi banyak penjualan maka lebih untung dan semakin besar wang masuk dalam akaun… Kesan jangka panjang kepada kesihatan manusia tidak pernah diambil kira!
Justeru pilihan paling selamat adalah menggunakan kelambu yang ditenun dari kapas (cotton). Tetapi hairannya anggota vektor KKM yang menyembur racun tidak menyarankan kepada kita memakai kelambu!!! Bukankah pemakaian kelambu itu lebih selamat dan dapat mencegah darah pesakit yang telah ada virus denggi dari menjangkiti orang lain yang sihat ??? Berapa banyakkah doktor yang menasihati anda supaya memakai kelambu sekiranya anda adalah positif didiagnosa sebagai penghidap demam denggi??
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothrin Phenothrin, also called sumithrin, is a synthetic pyrethroid that kills adult fleas and ticks. It has also been used to kill head lice in humans. D-Phenothrin is used as a component of aerosol insecticides for domestic use. Phenothrin is often used with methoprene, an insect growth regulator that interrupts the insect's biological life cycle by killing the eggs.
In 2005, the EPA canceled permission to use phenothrin in several flea and tick products, at the request of the manufacturer, Hartz Mountain Industries.[1][2]The products were linked to a range of adverse reactions, including hair loss, salivation, tremors, and numerous deaths in cats and kittens. In the short term, the agreement called for new warning labels on the products.
As of March 31, 2006, the sale and distribution of Hartz's phenothrin-containing flea and tick products for cats has been terminated. However, EPA's product cancellation order did not apply to Hartz flea and tick products for dogs, and Hartz continues to use phenothrin in a concentration of 85.7% in many of its flea and tick products for dogs.[3]
(3-Phenoxyphenyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate = Sumithrin = Phenothrine = Phenoxythrin = Sumitrin = Wellcide = Pibutin = Anvil = Duet = Anchimanaito 20S
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC34506 Kita melihat banyak yang not listed. Adakah disebabkan daripada kajian mereka tertera kesan tidak bagus atau kesan buruk maka mereka tidak berani menyenaraikan phenotrin dalam senarai mereka!
Do flea and tick drops containing phenothrin cause neurological or other problems in dogs?
We hear lots about agriculture workers who handle pesticides having palsy, etc., so exactly how safe are chemicals smeared on our dog's skin? Is there a better remedy to keep ticks off? I found one under a month-old repellant collar.
Best Answer - Chosen by Asker
Thye aren't safe.
I use all natural Orange TKO.
It works and can be used for just about anything. The FDA doesn't monitor the drugs that go Into these so-called flea-n-tick preventions.
I've seen some products that have actually caused death & suffering.
I use all natural Orange TKO.
It works and can be used for just about anything. The FDA doesn't monitor the drugs that go Into these so-called flea-n-tick preventions.
I've seen some products that have actually caused death & suffering.
Source(s):
WHO SPECIFICATIONS AND EVALUATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PESTICIDES
d-PHENOTHRIN
1 3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis, trans-chrysanthemate
Note: Evaluation report ONLY. The WHO specifications will be published
subject to acceptable validation of the analytical methods.
2002
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
1 d-Phenothrin is the name given by the manufacturer, in the absence of an ISO common name Page 2 of 15
d-PHENOTHRIN
EVALUATION REPORT WHO/356/2002
Explanation
d-Phenothrin was evaluated by the WHO/IPCS in 1990 (IPCS, 1990). It was
reviewed by the US EPA in 1975 and by the UK Health and Safety Executive
prior to 1984. It was evaluated for toxicology by the 1984 and 1988 JMPR
(JMPR, 1984; JMPR, 1988).
The draft specification and supporting data were provided by Sumitomo
Chemical Company Ltd., Japan, in 2001.
The patent for d-phenothrin expired in major markets in 1991.
Uses
d-Phenothrin is a synthetic pyrethroid with high lethal activity against household
insect pests. It is used in public health against mosquitoes, houseflies and
cockroaches (Okuno et al., 1976).
Identity
ISO common name None (footnote 1)
Chemical name
IUPAC: 3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis, trans-chrysanthemate
CA: None (footnote 2)
CAS Registry number
None (footnote 3)
CIPAC number 356
1 Phenothrin is the ISO common name for the racemic mixture of 4 stereoisomers; d-phenothrin is the name given by the Sumitomo Chemical Company to the specific ratio of isomers defined by the WHO specification.
2 Proposed CAS name: (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (1R)-cis-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate.
3 The CAS number for phenothrin is 26002-80-2.Page 3 of 15
Hydrolysis rates were measured at 3 µg/l in <1% aqueous acetonitrile in sterile dark conditions for 1 month at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9. The major hydrolysis products observed were 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and 1R-trans-chrysanthemic acid. Also produced was 3-phenoxybenzyl (1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-formylcyclopropane carboxylate, an oxidation product rather than an hydrolysis product. The test substance d-trans-phenothrin has very low aqueous solubility and about half of it became deposited on the vessel walls. The hydrolysis half-life was calculated in two ways (1) from disappearance of the test substance from the total system, and (2) from kinetic analysis of typical hydrolysis products.
Photolysis rates were measured at pH 5 at 3 µg/l in sterile <1% aqueous acetonitrile solution in natural sunlight. Radio-labeled [14C-cyclopropyl] and [14C-benzyl]d-trans-phenothrin were used in the two series of determinations. The methyl-propenyl group was the target for photolytic degradation. The major product of photolysis was 3-phenoxybenzyl(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-formyl cyclopropanecarboxylate. Cis-trans isomerization was not significant. d-Trans-phenothrin declined quickly in the first few hours at pH 5 and 25ºC in the dark controls. Page 5 of 15
Hydrolysis routes of d-phenothrin
Photolysis routes of d-phenothrin
Chemical composition and properties of d-phenothrin technical material (TC)
Table 2. Chemical composition and properties of d-phenothrin TC
Manufacturing process, maximum limits for impurities 1 g/kg, 5 batch analysis data.
Confidential information supplied and held on file by WHO. Mass balances were 98.9-99.5 % and percentages of unknowns were 0.5-1.1%
Declared minimum [ai] content: 930 g/kg
Relevant impurities 1 g/kg and
maximum limits for them: None
Relevant impurities < 1 g/kg and maximum limits for them: None
Stabilisers or other additives and maximum limits for them: None
Melting or boiling temperature range Boiling point: >290°C at 760 mm Hg
Vapour pressure
test guideline: 40 CFR 158
94% d-phenothrin: 1.9 x 10 -5
Pa at 21.4°C (observed values: 2.31×10 -5 , 1.43×10 -5 Pa at 2 gas flow rates, Semann and Pesselman, 1989).
Solubility in water, test guideline: EPA
CG-1500
94% d-phenothrin: <9.7 µg/l at 25°C at pH 5.8-6.0 (Saito et al., 1989).
Vapour pressure was measured by a gas-saturation method. Dry nitrogen gas streams were passed through gas-saturation tubes at 21.4°C and then through traps in dry ice/ethanol for approx 4 days at flow rates of 4.4 and 3.3 ml/min. The contents of the traps were measured by HPLC.
COO CH2OCOOHOHCCOO CH2 O
d-trans-phenothrin HOCH2O
d-t-CRA CHO-PH PB alc + + +Page 6 of 15
Hazard summary
Notes.
(i) The proposer provided written confirmation that the toxicological and ecotoxicological data included in the summary below were derived from d-phenothrin having impurity profiles similar to those referred to in the table above.
(ii) The conclusions expressed in the summary below are those of the proposer, unless otherwise specified.
The JMPR (JMPR 1984) compared impurity profiles and toxicology of phenothrin
and d-phenothrin. The level of d-phenothrin is higher and the levels of impurities
are generally lower in the modern (2000-2001) 5-batch analysis than in the
batches recorded in 1984. The JMPR concluded that: “Data presented indicate
the similarity in metabolism and toxicity of phenothrin and d-phenothrin, thus
indicating that data for phenothrin can be used to support the toxicological data
base for d-phenothrin“. In the following tables, S-2539F and S-2539 Forte are synonymous with dphenothrin.
Table 3. Toxicology profile of d-phenothrin technical material, based on acute
toxicity, irritation and sensitization.
Species Test Duration and conditions
Result Purity Reference Rats, male and female
d-Phenothrin was evaluated by the WHO/IPCS in 1990, with the following
conclusions (IPCS, 1990, p13-14).
General population. The exposure of the general population to d-phenothrin is
expected to be very low and is not likely to present a hazard when it is
used as recommended. Occupational exposure. With reasonable work practices, hygiene measures and safety precautions, d-phenothrin is unlikely to be an occupational hazard.Page 9 of 15
Environment. The rapid breakdown of d-phenothrin in sunlight and its use
principally on stored grain imply that environmental exposure should be
very low. Environmental effects of the compound are, therefore,
extremely unlikely. The WHO hazard classification of technical d-phenothrin is: “unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal use“ (WHO, 1988).
The ADI for d-phenothrin is 0.07 mg/kg bw (JMPR 1988).
Formulations
The main formulation types available are AE (oil-based and water-based
aerosols). These formulations are registered and sold in many countries
throughout the world. In oil-based aerosol products, the concentration of d-phenothrin generally ranges from 0.5 to 2 g/kg. The aerosol is composed largely of a solvent, such as deodorized kerosene, and a propellent, such as liquefied petroleum gas. The
normal ratio of solvent to propellent is 60/40. The inner pressure of dispensers
ranges from 3.5 to 4.5 kg/cm
2
In water-based aerosol products, the concentration of d-phenothrin generally
ranges from 0.5 to 2 g/kg. The aerosol is composed largely of a solvent for the
active ingredient, an emulsifier, de-ionized water and the propellent. The ratio of
solvent, water and propellent is usually 10/50/40. The inner pressure of
dispensers ranges from 3.5 to 4.5 kg/cm
2
Methods of analysis and testing
The analytical method for the active ingredient (including identity tests) is under
development, through CIPAC. The d-phenothrin content is determined by
capillary GC with FID. The method was submitted to JMPS in 2002 (Furuta,
2002). Analytical methods for isomer composition are available (Fujita, 2002). The
optical isomer ratios are determined by HPLC using a chiral stationary phase,
while the geometric isomer ratio is determined by GLC on a non-chiral stationary
phase. The method has been validated by Sumitomo Chemical Company Ltd.
The isomer composition serves as an identity test for d-phenothrin.
Another identity test relies on matching the IR spectrum of the test sample with
the IR spectrum for d-phenothrin. Test methods for physical-chemical properties of the technical active ingredient were OECD and EPA, while those for the formulations were the WHO guideline specifications for household insecticide products.
Containers and packaging
No special requirements for containers and packaging have been identified. Page 10 of 15
Expression of the active ingredient
The active ingredient is expressed as d-phenothrin.
Appraisal
The data submitted were in accordance with the requirements of the FAO
Manual (5th edition) and supported the draft specifications.
The technical material, d-phenothrin is the 4:1 mixture of the [1R,trans] and
[1R,cis] isomers of phenothrin. The CIPAC number for d-phenothrin is 356. A CAS name and a number are available for phenothrin, but not for d-phenothrin.
Hydrolysis and photolysis properties were provided for d-trans-phenothrin, which
may be extrapolated to d-phenothrin because d-trans-phenothrin comprises 80%
of d-phenothrin. The vapour pressure of 94% technical d-phenothrin is 1.9 × 10
-5 Pa at 21.4°C (full experimental details provided), which differs somewhat from a value of 1.6 × 10 -4 Pa at 20°C (no experimental details) reported for pure d-phenothrin. It has very low water solubility, reported as <9.7 µg/l at 25°C for 94% technical d-phenothrin (full experimental details provided). A reported value of 2 mg/l for pure material (no details) appears to be too high. The octanol-water partition
coefficient (log POW = 6.01 at 25°C) makes d-phenothrin a fat-soluble compound.
Accurate measurement of hydrolysis rates for d-trans-phenothrin was difficult
because the chosen concentration, 3 µg/l, was approximately at the limit of
solubility. After a short time, 40-50% of the test material was no longer in
solution but was deposited on the container walls and perhaps was less available
for hydrolysis. Hydrolysis rates were estimated in two ways: (1) the rate of
disappearance of total d-trans-phenothrin from the solution and container
rinsings; and (2) the rate of appearance of typical hydrolysis products.
Competing and sequential processes (hydrolysis, container wall adsorptiondesorption, oxidation) mean that the data do not readily match a first-order or
pseudo-first-order reaction. Estimated half-lives for hydrolysis should be treated
as approximations. The half-life for disappearance of d-trans-phenothrin during sunlight photolysis (latitude 37.45°N, California, July-August) was 13.8 and 9.1 experiment hours or 7.8 and 5.2 sunlight hours. Cis-trans isomerization was not significant.
Substantial losses of d-trans-phenothrin (30% and 90%) occurred in the dark
controls over the total 240 hours of the experiment.Page 11 of 15
The Meeting was provided with commercially confidential information on the
manufacturing process and batch analysis data on all impurities present at or
above 1 g/kg. Analyses of 5 batches of d-phenothrin produced in 2000 and 2001
accounted for 98.9 to 99.5% of the material, including 0.2-0.3% of impurities
identified only as “other related compounds.”
These data were declared by the NRA (National Registration Authority for
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals) to be very similar to those submitted to
the authorities for registration in Australia (Sethi, 2002).
The NRA letter stated: "The method of manufacture of d-phenothrin has been
slightly modified. However, the modification is unlikely to change the
composition of the active constituent. There are some variations to the
composition of the active submitted to the FAO [sic, meaning WHO] and the NRA
at the time of evaluation.” The manufacturing limits for two impurities differed between the WHO and NRA specifications, those for the WHO specifications being lower. The actual values in the 5-batch analysis for both of these impurities were at or below 1 g/kg. The technical material in the present submission and the material evaluated by the NRA may be accepted as substantially equivalent.
None of the impurities was identified as a relevant impurity.
Toxicology studies on d-phenothrin generally showed low mammalian toxicity.
The IPCS evaluation in 1990 concluded that under recommended conditions of
use, the exposure of the general population to d-phenothrin is expected to be
very low and is not likely to present a hazard. Also, with the usual precautions, dphenothrin is unlikely to be an occupational hazard. The WHO hazard
classification of d-phenothrin is: “unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal
use.” The ADI for d-phenothrin is 0.07 mg/kg bw.
The attention of the Meeting was drawn to the recent restriction on household
uses of synthetic pyrethroids in The Netherlands, because of reports of neuronal
effects following the exposure of neonatal mice (Schreuder 2002).
d-Phenothrin is of low toxicity to birds but toxic to fish and very toxic to honeybees. The IPCS evaluation in 1990 concluded that, because of its rapid
breakdown in sunlight and its principal use at that time (use on stored grain), the
environmental effects were extremely unlikely.
The IPCS evaluation of 1990 was relevant to the uses at that time. It is
reasonable to conclude that d-phenothrin is hazardous to fish and honey-bees,
while the risk will depend on their exposure.
The analytical method for active ingredient (capillary GC with FID) is proposed for
CIPAC evaluation. This method also serves as an identity test. An IR spectrum is
available as an additional identity test. Page 12 of 15
An analytical method for isomer composition is available. The optical isomer
ratios are determined by HPLC using a chiral stationary phase, while the
geometric isomer ratio is determined by GLC on a non-chiral stationary phase. It
has been company validated. The method for isomer composition is
recommended as the primary identity test.
No special requirements for containers and packages have been identified.
Draft specifications for d-phenothrin TC are proposed. The specifications require
the determination of d-phenothrin content in the TC. Also required are
measurements of trans-isomer and 1R-isomer contents in the active ingredient,
to distinguish d-phenothrin from phenothrin.
Recommendations
The meeting recommended that the draft specification for d-phenothrin TC
proposed by Sumitomo Chemical Company Ltd, with amendments, should be
adopted by WHO/FAO, subject to acceptable validation and adoption of the
analytical methods by CIPAC.
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